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Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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Writing Philosophy

November 22, 2023

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

Writing is work, and for many of us, writing is hard work. Writing philosophy adds to this labor an element of intimidation. Whether you are writing an expository—explanatory and descriptive—essay…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

The philosophy of law is concerned with all aspects of theoretical reflection on laws and legal systems and therefore encompasses historical and sociological studies in addition to the philosophical questions…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF REFUTATION

The essay of refutation takes the position “I disagree.” Its objective is to persuade the reader that the argument of another is false, flawed, unlikely, implausible, or in some other…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophy on the Indian subcontinent between 1000 BC and the early centuries of the first millennium was comprised of six major schools of Hindu philosophy (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa,…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 20, 2023

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

The word essay comes from the French infinitive verb essayer, meaning “to try” or “to attempt.” In fact, when the word was first borrowed into the English language, as essay,…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

STOICISM

Founded by Zeno of Citium (334–262 BC), early Stoicism shared many similarities with Epicureanism, including the belief that the world was largely deterministic and that the overall goal of the…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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By Philosophy Student In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method…

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Books

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Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Human, All Too Human, and The Antichrist
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The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism
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A Comprehensive Guide to Daoist Nei Gong
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Practical Stoicism: 10 Practical Steps to Embrace Ancient Stoic Philosophy in Today’s Modern World & Design a Life of Wisdom, Perseverance and Joy!
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The Symposium (Penguin Classics)
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Walden: Introduction and Annotations by Bill McKibben (Concord Library)
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The Healing Body: Creative Responses to Illness, Aging, and Affliction (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)
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Socialism
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A Thousand Brains
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The Classic Friedrich Nietzsche Collection: 5-Book Paperback Boxed Set (Arcturus Classic Collections, 7)
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Start Where You Are: A Guide to Compassionate Living
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Philosophers of the Renaissance
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Mind Ecologies: Body, Brain, and World
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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Principle of humanity

The principle whereby the utterances of a speaker (usually of an unknown language) are interpreted so as to accommodate assumptions about the speaker’s erroneous beliefs;contrasted with the more demanding Principle…

Mimesis

In aesthetics, the modeling or representation of an object by a work of art. The mimetic theory of art dominated aesthetics from Plato and Aristotle, but was eventually challenged by…

Ghost in the Machine

Rejection of the Cartesian notion of a non-physical mind as based on linguistic confusion;according to Gilbert Ryle, mental statements (for instance, “he is intelligent”) do not refer to properties of…

Idealism

Type-token distinction

Positive right

E-proposition

Atheism

Leibniz’s Law

False dilemma

Appearance

Immaterialism

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

THE PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING PROCESS

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

MODAL LOGIC

LOGICAL ATOMISM

CYNICISM

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

PHILOSOPHY OF LAW

THE ESSAY OF REFUTATION

INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

STOICISM

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

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Logic

Books

Friedrich Nietzsche: Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Human, All Too Human, and The Antichrist

The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism

A Comprehensive Guide to Daoist Nei Gong

Practical Stoicism: 10 Practical Steps to Embrace Ancient Stoic Philosophy in Today’s Modern World & Design a Life of Wisdom, Perseverance and Joy!

The Symposium (Penguin Classics)

Walden: Introduction and Annotations by Bill McKibben (Concord Library)

The Healing Body: Creative Responses to Illness, Aging, and Affliction (Studies in Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy)

Socialism

A Thousand Brains

The Classic Friedrich Nietzsche Collection: 5-Book Paperback Boxed Set (Arcturus Classic Collections, 7)

Conflagration: How the Transcendentalists Sparked the American Struggle for Racial, Gender, and Social Justice

Start Where You Are: A Guide to Compassionate Living

Gratitude Journal: gratitude journal and planner, gratitude journal bulk , A 52 Week Guide To Cultivate An Attitude Of Gratitude, Journals for Women … (124 Pages, 6” X 9”), Daily habit journals.

Philosophers of the Renaissance

Mind Ecologies: Body, Brain, and World

By the Book Series: MacArthur, Romans, Paperback, Comfort Print: Unleashing God’s Truth One Verse at a Time

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

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The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

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Natural Function and Perceptual Content

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Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Principle of humanity

Mimesis

Ghost in the Machine

Idealism

Type-token distinction

Positive right

E-proposition

Atheism

Leibniz’s Law

False dilemma

Appearance

Immaterialism

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