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Philosophy Student
By In THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty…
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Logic
November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…
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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…
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History Of PhilosophyANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…
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Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of Philosophy
December 12, 2023

METAPHYSICS

Metaphysics is the philosophical investigation of reality, including the nature of the world and the entities it contains. While such an investigation inevitably overlaps with natural philosophy—the sciences, especially physics…
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Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WRITING PHILOSOPHY

How Do You Do Philosophy? Writing Is Central To Philosophy What Philosophy Professors Want From Student Writers What Is Good Writing? What Is Good Philosophical Writing? Grading Criteria for Philosophy…
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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT
November 27, 2023

GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

As with developing any skill, learning to write philosophically takes practice. Here are some links to academic sites, along with several style guides, to aid you.
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

CYNICISM

Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM

The philosophical system developed by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), Transcendental Idealism sought to overcome the epistemological problems of Empiricism while providing a rational justification for Liberalism.
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Logic
November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
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Writing Philosophy
November 24, 2023

WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS

Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
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History Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Kant’s philosophy continued to dominate throughout the nineteenth century, although there were increasing concerns about the overall coherence of his system; in particular, there was doubt as to whether the…
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Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy Branches
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…
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THE EARLY MODERN PERIODHistory Of Philosophy
November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…
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Philosophy Student
By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

PHILOSOPHIES OF EAST ASIA

The dominant philosophical traditions in this part of the world began in Ancient China from the sixth century to 221…
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Logic

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    Socrates’ Children Volume II: Medieval Philosophers

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Philosophy Student
By In AESTHETICS

Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

Trevor Teitel’s paper explores the philosophical foundations of spacetime substantivalism, a position in the philosophy of physics that asserts spacetime…
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AESTHETICSAtomos
December 8, 2025

The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry

Abstract This paper explores the intricate relationship between consciousness and spacetime as informed by Einstein’s theory of relativity and philosophical perspectives on existence. We consider whether consciousness, as part of…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

Abstract Imagination, an integral part of human cognition, allows individuals to transcend their immediate sensory experiences and engage with abstract ideas, creativity, and possibilities beyond the present. Despite its essential…
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AESTHETICSAtomos
December 8, 2025

Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

Trevor Teitel’s paper explores the philosophical foundations of spacetime substantivalism, a position in the philosophy of physics that asserts spacetime points (or regions) exist as independent entities, not just as…
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Atomos
December 8, 2025

Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality

Abstract This paper proposes a new metaphysical framework, Meta-Modal Actuality, which reconceptualizes the relationship between actuality, possibility, and necessity. Moving beyond the static dichotomy of actual versus possible worlds, this…
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AESTHETICSAtomos
December 8, 2025

Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective

Abstract This paper examines the philosophical implications of Saul Kripke’s interpretation of Wittgenstein’s rule-following paradox for artificial intelligence (AI). Central to this analysis is the question of whether AI systems,…
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AESTHETICSAtomos
December 8, 2025

Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism

Abstract Dialetheism, the view that some contradictions are true, challenges one of the cornerstones of classical logic: the principle of non-contradiction. This paper offers an introduction to dialetheism, exploring its…
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AESTHETICSAtomosETHICS
December 8, 2025

The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument

Introduction Is it ever morally justifiable to bring a new life into the world, given the inevitable suffering that life entails? This question, ancient in its origin and sharpened by…
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AESTHETICSAtomosEPISTEMOLOGYPhilosophy of Art
December 8, 2025

Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation

Introduction Killing, as an act and concept, is at the heart of existence. It permeates the natural world, serves as a necessity for survival, and underpins many philosophical and moral…
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AESTHETICSAtomosEPISTEMOLOGY
December 8, 2025

The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency

Abstract The complexity of the universe is a profound source of wonder, offering insights into the intricate interplay of causality, contingency, and interconnectedness. Every human life, every event, and every…
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AESTHETICSAtomos
December 8, 2025

Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”

In his seminal 1963 paper, Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?, Edmund Gettier fundamentally challenged the long-standing definition of knowledge, which had been widely accepted in epistemology since at least the…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

Introduction The vastness of the universe has long been a source of awe and wonder. With its endless galaxies, stars, and the possibility of unknown life, the cosmos presents us…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

Abstract In this paper, we explore the central Buddhist concepts of karma, rebirth, and the doctrine of non-self (anatta), arguing that these ideas present a comprehensive, coherent metaphysical system that…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

Abstract: This paper explores the fundamental differences in how theistic and atheistic worldviews approach key metaphysical concepts such as existence, causality, the nature of being, morality, and the origin of…
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AtomosEPISTEMOLOGYMETAPHYSICS
December 6, 2025

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

Introduction In the age of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the world is confronted with a remarkable paradox: machines, devoid of consciousness, produce some of the most intricate and profound creations ever…
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Atomos
December 8, 2025

The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence

The ontological argument, first articulated by St. Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th century, is one of the most enduring attempts to prove the existence of God through reason alone.…
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Philosophy Student
By In Atomos

Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality

Abstract This paper proposes a new metaphysical framework, Meta-Modal Actuality, which reconceptualizes the relationship between actuality, possibility, and necessity. Moving…
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Terms & Concepts

P

Perception

Awareness via sensation. https://youtube.com/shorts/qfGPOUZ4F4w?feature=share
H

Hermeneutics

Theory of interpretation (originally applied to incomplete texts) that acknowledges how interpretation of individual words depends upon the interpretation of the whole text, and viceversa (the so-called Hermeneutic Circle); this…
S

Subproof

A nested proof; that is, a proof that occurs within a larger proof sequence. (See alsoAssumptive proof.) https://youtube.com/shorts/GztQjmSjBQM?feature=share
D
Difference principle
E
Equality
I
Inference
C
Cultural relativism
P
Paradox
O
O-proposition
P
Principle of humanity
R
Rights
P
Pragmatic theory of truth
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