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The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PRAGMATISM

Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Many of the topics within the philosophy of science overlap with topics in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language insofar as they apply within our scientific practice. Metaphysical issues,…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

There are other ways of classifying the forms of philosophic writing you may be asked to produce. The most prominent of these are: The Expository Paper The Argumentative Paper The…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE EXPOSITORY PAPER

We have already touched on the expository paper, but let’s discuss it briefly here. Look at the adjective expository. It is derived from the noun exposition, which is the noun…

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Writing Philosophy

November 23, 2023

GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

BASICS OF GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING: A DEEPER DIVE Having surveyed the elements of good writing from 30,000 feet, let’s swoop in on some of the most important specifics. This means…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 19, 2023

THE ARGUMENTATIVE PAPER

Essays of assertion, affirmation, and refutation are all examples of the argumentative paper. An effective argument relies on factually true premises or premises for which you have strong support.

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Logic

November 15, 2023

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

The simplest formal (logical) language is the propositional calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between complete propositions.

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

AESTHETICS

Aesthetics is concerned with the nature of art (whether visual, literary, dramatic, or in some other medium) and the way in which art is experienced. Two principal related issues, therefore,…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Political philosophy is at least as old as Plato (428/227 or 424/423-348/347 BC) and is concerned with the nature of the state and, more broadly, with coercive institutions, and their…

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By Philosophy Student In History Of Philosophy

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that…

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Hume’s fork

How philosophers characterize David Hume’s (1711-1776) claim that a belief is justified either as a “relation between ideas” or as a “matter of fact.” https://youtube.com/shorts/z6WRsWymtpE?feature=share

Strawman

(or Straw Man; gender neutral alternatives: straw person or straw person)An informal fallacy constituted by distorting someone’s position in such a way as to render it unrecognizable and easy to…

Leibniz’s Law

Two principles regarding identity and indiscernibility; namely, if two objects are identical,then every property of one is a property of the other (the indiscernibility of identicals); and,conversely, if two objects…

Communism

Sophists

Naturalistic fallacy

Compatibilism

Existential introduction

Double effect, doctrine of

Rights

Theory-ladenness of observation

Indeterminacy of translation

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

PRAGMATISM

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

OTHER CATEGORIZATIONS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

THE EXPOSITORY PAPER

GOOD PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

THE SOPHISTS

HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?

THE ARGUMENTATIVE PAPER

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

AESTHETICS

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

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Logic

Books

The Beauty of Games (Playful Thinking)

A Visual Theology Guide to the Bible: Seeing and Knowing God’s Word

Henry at Work: Thoreau on Making a Living

The Writings of Henry David Thoreau : Reform Papers

The Emerald Tablets of Thoth The Atlantean

People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil

Shop Class as Soulcraft: An Inquiry into the Value of Work

On the Advantage and Disadvantage of History for Life (Hackett Classics)

American Sage: The Spiritual Teachings of Ralph Waldo Emerson

UNDERSTANDING PHILOSOPHY: The Smart Student’s Guide to Reading and Writing Philosophy (Philosophy Study Guides)

The Portable Nietzsche (Portable Library)

The Upanishads (Easwaran’s Classics of Indian Spirituality Book 2)

The Promise of Happiness

Discourses and Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)

How We Live Is How We Die

Plato: Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo (Hackett Classics)

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Hume’s fork

Strawman

Leibniz’s Law

Communism

Sophists

Naturalistic fallacy

Compatibilism

Existential introduction

Double effect, doctrine of

Rights

Theory-ladenness of observation

Indeterminacy of translation

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