Philosophy Student
By In History Of Philosophy

PLATO

Read Article
Philosophy Student
By In History Of Philosophy

POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Read Article
Philosophy Student
By In CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Read Article
Philosophy Student
By In History Of Philosophy

ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY

Read Article
Philosophy Student
By In Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate…
Read More
CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyTHE FRANKFURT SCHOOL
November 15, 2023

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…
Philosophy Student
Love0
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGTHE ESSAY OF ASSERTION
November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF ASSERTION

The essay of assertion takes the position I believe. It is an argumentative essay in which you convey to the reader some belief or beliefs that you hold. If you…
Philosophy Student
Love0
History Of PhilosophyTHE SOPHISTS
November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…
Philosophy Student
Love0
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyTHOMISM
November 15, 2023

THOMISM

A school of thought based on the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Thomism is, like Scholasticism, principally concerned with metaphysics and understanding the attributes of God.
Philosophy Student
Love1
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyNATURAL PHILOSOPHY
December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.
Philosophy Student
Love1
LogicPREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)
November 15, 2023

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…
Philosophy Student
Love0
PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXTESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY
November 27, 2023

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

A comprehensive list of essential readings in the history of philosophy.
Philosophy Student
Love1
NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONSNON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS
November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…
Philosophy Student
Love1
FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITINGWriting PhilosophyTHE POSITION PAPER
November 19, 2023

THE POSITION PAPER

A position paper may be viewed as a type of argumentative paper in that it states a claim—your position—concerning a topic, issue, or question and presents a justification for that…
Philosophy Student
Love0
LogicHIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
November 15, 2023

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

The language sketched above is better referred to as first-order predicate calculus, as the language only quantifies over (first-order) individuals. A stronger language, second-order predicate calculus, can therefore be constructed…
Philosophy Student
Love0
Philosophy BranchesTraditional Branches of PhilosophyPHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…
Philosophy Student
Love0
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyPRAGMATISM
November 15, 2023

PRAGMATISM

Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.
Philosophy Student
Love0
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy BranchesBIOETHICS
November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…
Philosophy Student
Love0
Modern Branches of PhilosophyPhilosophy BranchesPHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE
November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…
Philosophy Student
Love1
POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHYHistory Of PhilosophyHEGELIANISM
November 15, 2023

HEGELIANISM

One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to reconcile the distinct faculties of sensibility and understanding in to…
Philosophy Student
Love0
Philosophy Student
By In NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students,…
Read More

Logic

Books

  • Buy product

    Foucault: A Very Short Introduction (Very Short Introductions)

    $11.85
  • Buy product

    Why I Am a Hindu

    $20.00
  • Buy product

    The Holy Science

    $14.88
  • Buy product

    Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works of Foucault, 1954-1984, Vol. 1)

    $15.99
  • Buy product

    Euthyphro Apology Crito And Symposium

    $18.95
  • Buy product

    The Book of Five Rings: The Strategy of the Samurai (Arcturus Silkbound Classics)

    $16.99
  • Buy product

    The Conspiracy Against the Human Race: A Contrivance of Horror

    $499.95
  • Buy product

    Living from the Soul: The 7 Spiritual Principles of Ralph Waldo Emerson

    $16.99
  • Buy product

    Principles of Philosophy

    $3.99
  • Buy product

    Reflections on the Revolution in France (Mint Editions (Historical Documents and Treaties))

    $13.49
  • Buy product

    Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny

    $17.83
  • Buy product

    Aristotle East and West: Metaphysics and the Division of Christendom

    $88.99
  • Buy product

    Covenant and the Jewish Conversion Question: Extending the Thought of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik (Jewish Thought and Philosophy)

    $89.99
  • Buy product

    Less Than Nothing: Hegel And The Shadow Of Dialectical Materialism

    $36.94
  • Buy product

    I And Thou

    $13.48
  • Buy product

    Think Like a Monk: Train Your Mind for Peace and Purpose Every Day

    $14.00

The Atomos Blog

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Philosophy StudentPhilosophy Student
Read More
Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?Ai and Machine Consciousness

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Philosophy StudentPhilosophy StudentApril 4, 2026
Natural Function and Perceptual ContentMental RepresentationPhilosophy of Biology

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy StudentPhilosophy StudentMarch 7, 2026
Philosophy of Law: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF LAW

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of Science: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Aesthetics: An IntroductionAESTHETICSAtomos

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Epistemology: An IntroductionAtomosEPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Ethics: An IntroductionAtomosETHICS

Ethics: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Logic: An IntroductionAtomosLOGIC

Logic: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Metaphysics: An IntroductionAtomosMETAPHYSICS

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of History: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

Philosophy of History: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of Language: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

Philosophy of Language: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of Mind: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF MIND

Philosophy of Mind: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of Technology: An IntroductionAtomosPHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY

Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Political and Social Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomosPOLITICAL AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY

Political and Social Philosophy: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Environmental Philosophy: An IntroductionAtomosENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

Environmental Philosophy: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos EditorJanuary 10, 2026
Philosophy of History: An Introduction

Philosophy of History: An Introduction

Atomos EditorAtomos Editor
Read More

Terms & Concepts

F

First-order logic

A system of logic that includes propositions (sentences), truth-functional connectives,predicates, and quantifiers. https://youtube.com/shorts/ypbGNbsNLQg?feature=share
E

E-proposition

A universal negative categorical claim that asserts the subject and predicate classes are mutually exclusive of each other—that is, the subject class is excluded from the predicate class and vice…
F

Free-Rider Problem

A “free rider” benefits from a social arrangement without bearing the costs; for example, herides the bus without buying a ticket. Without some mechanism to disincentivize free riders(such as punishment),…
E
Equivocation
I
Incoherent
G
Game theory
E
Essence (or an essential property)
C
Compatibilism
L
Logical contradiction
P
Probable
N
Necessary truth
A
Applied ethics
View All