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The philosophy of mathematics is traditionally concerned with the ontological and epistemological foundations of mathematics. The two questions, of ontology and epistemology, are intimately related, as a satisfactory account of…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

LOGIC

Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

November 15, 2023

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

As explained at the beginning of this chapter, this book is intended primarily for philosophy students, especially new philosophy students, whose focus is mainly or even exclusively on Western philosophical…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

A group of philosophers, cultural critics, and social scientists based around the Frankfurt (Germany) Institute for Social Research were primarily concerned with integrating philosophical analysis with then-recent results in the…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

As the Middle East is often called the cradle of civilization, it is also the source of some of the earliest philosophical literature. Much of it is devoted to what…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LIBERALISM

A political philosophy whose central claim is that a government’s authority is justified only insofar as it secures the liberty of its subjects, Liberalism is generally traced to John Locke…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

Based in the Ionian colony of Elea (modern-day Velia) in southern Italy, and primarily associated with Parmenides (early fifth century BC) and Melissus of Samos (mid fifth century BC), the…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

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By Philosophy Student In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand…

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

MODAL LOGIC

Logic

HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Books

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In the Unlikeliest of Places: How Nachman Libeskind Survived the Nazis, Gulags, and Soviet Communism (Life Writing, 53)
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Philosophy, Literature, and the Dissolution of the Subject: Nietzsche, Musil, Atay (Studies in Philosophy, Culture and Contemporary Society)
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The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (Wisconsin Project on American Writers)
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The Complete Essays of Montaigne
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The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
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The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are
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A Manual for Creating Atheists
$12.56
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On Fear
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Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
$5.99
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The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse: A Great Gift for Book Lovers
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Being and Time
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This Moment Is the Perfect Teacher: Ten Buddhist Teachings on Cultivating Inner Strength and Compassion
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The Secret of the Yoga Sutra: Samadhi Pada
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The Upanishads (Easwaran’s Classics of Indian Spirituality Book 2)
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The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment
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Thinking Out of Sight: Writings on the Arts of the Visible (The France Chicago Collection)
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The Atomos Blog

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Behaviorism

A theory of mind in which features of an individual’s mental states are inferred from what is publicly observable. https://youtube.com/shorts/I1cNTvIgLkM?feature=share

Individual constant

In first-order logic, symbols stand for individually named things (object, person, place, time,and so on). An individual constant is assumed to denote one, and only one, thing. https://youtube.com/shorts/wHqv7vweUI4?feature=share

Quantified statement

An assertion about an unspecified class of thing, a quantified statement consists of a quantifier, at least one class, and a variable. https://youtube.com/shorts/ABA6wjW_ixg?feature=share

Existential import

Logical consequence

Paradox

Axiom

Metaethics

Contraposition

Mimesis

Civil rights

Supervenience

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PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

LOGIC

NON-WESTERN PHILOSOPHICAL TRADITIONS

THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL

LOGICAL ATOMISM

MIDDLE EASTERN TRADITIONS

LIBERALISM

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

THE ELEATIC SCHOOL

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

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Books

In the Unlikeliest of Places: How Nachman Libeskind Survived the Nazis, Gulags, and Soviet Communism (Life Writing, 53)

Philosophy, Literature, and the Dissolution of the Subject: Nietzsche, Musil, Atay (Studies in Philosophy, Culture and Contemporary Society)

The American Evasion of Philosophy: A Genealogy of Pragmatism (Wisconsin Project on American Writers)

The Complete Essays of Montaigne

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind

The Book: On the Taboo Against Knowing Who You Are

A Manual for Creating Atheists

On Fear

Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy

The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse: A Great Gift for Book Lovers

Being and Time

This Moment Is the Perfect Teacher: Ten Buddhist Teachings on Cultivating Inner Strength and Compassion

The Secret of the Yoga Sutra: Samadhi Pada

The Upanishads (Easwaran’s Classics of Indian Spirituality Book 2)

The Power of Now: A Guide to Spiritual Enlightenment

Thinking Out of Sight: Writings on the Arts of the Visible (The France Chicago Collection)

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

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Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Behaviorism

Individual constant

Quantified statement

Existential import

Logical consequence

Paradox

Axiom

Metaethics

Contraposition

Mimesis

Civil rights

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