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Founded by Antisthenes (c. 445–360 BC), who taught the importance of individual virtue over material luxury, Cynicism was contemptuous of political institutions and organized religion. It rejected refined philosophical speculation…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384–322 BC) was born in Stagira but moved to Athens as a young man to study at Plato’s Academy. Following Plato’s death, Aristotle traveled, became tutor to Alexander the…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Logic

November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

There is no substitute for grappling primary sources. Nevertheless, secondary sources—including scholarly research, literary reviews, historical summaries—are valuable tools. They not only show you how you can begin thinking about…

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

The origins of Western philosophy are usually attributed to Thales of Miletus (fl. sixth century BC), who taught that “everything was made of water” and thus that the universe, all…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

The analytic tradition arose partly as a rejection of Hegelian idealism in favor of what George Edward Moore (1873–1958) called a “common sense” view of the world, alongside developments in…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…

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History Of Philosophy ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

Originally founded by Auguste Comte (1798–1857), Positivism was primarily a view about science. Influenced by Immanuel Kant’s (1724-1804) assertion that knowledge of things-inthemselves was impossible, Comte argued that our scientific…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

Political philosophy is at least as old as Plato (428/227 or 424/423-348/347 BC) and is concerned with the nature of the state and, more broadly, with coercive institutions, and their…

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By Philosophy Student In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

THOMISM

A school of thought based on the work of Saint Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Thomism is, like Scholasticism, principally concerned with…

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PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

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MODAL LOGIC

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NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

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INTUITIONISM

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HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS

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BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

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Thirty Seals & The Seal Of Seals (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)
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The Socratic Method: A Practitioner’s Handbook
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The Upanishads: Breath of the Eternal
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As a Man Thinketh
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Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (Incerto)
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Self-Reliance and Other Essays
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The Philosophers’ Library: Books that Shaped the World (Liber Historica)
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Totemism.
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The Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern-Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z. H. Chajes, S. R. … Vol. 2 (Studies in Orthodox Judaism)
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Utilitarianism (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)
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Truth as Conceived by Those Who Are Not Professional Philosophers
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The Pocket Thich Nhat Hanh (Shambhala Pocket Classics)
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Face Masks In One Lesson
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Meditations and Other Metaphysical Writings (Penguin Classics)
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An Autobiography or The story of my experiments with truth
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Stoic Classics Collection: Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations, Epictetus’s Enchiridion, Seneca’s On a Happy Life, On the Shortness of Life & On Providence
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The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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a posteriori (always with lowercase a)

Literally, “after experience.” It is often intended in that way or as generally meaning that which is empirical, or with experience. (See Empirical.) https://youtube.com/shorts/SZUO-NscaA4?feature=share

Transcendent

That which is independent of empirical, finite existence; contrasted with immanent. https://youtube.com/shorts/NBahpArmi_c?feature=share

Informal fallacy

An error in reasoning that is not the result of a formal, or structural, flaw. There are myriad informal fallacies, many of which involve distraction techniques and exploiting psychological vulnerabilities.…

Consistent

Existential import

Causal theory of perception

Universal introduction

Teleology

O-proposition

Ethical relativism

Claim

Functionalism

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CYNICISM

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

ARISTOTLE

PLATO

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

QUANTUM LOGIC

INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

THE PRE-SOCRATICS

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

THE SOPHISTS

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

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Logic

Books

Thirty Seals & The Seal Of Seals (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)

The Socratic Method: A Practitioner’s Handbook

The Upanishads: Breath of the Eternal

As a Man Thinketh

Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder (Incerto)

Self-Reliance and Other Essays

The Philosophers’ Library: Books that Shaped the World (Liber Historica)

Totemism.

The Middle Way: The Emergence of Modern-Religious Trends in Nineteenth-Century Judaism Responses to Modernity in the Philosophy of Z. H. Chajes, S. R. … Vol. 2 (Studies in Orthodox Judaism)

Utilitarianism (Dover Thrift Editions: Philosophy)

Truth as Conceived by Those Who Are Not Professional Philosophers

The Pocket Thich Nhat Hanh (Shambhala Pocket Classics)

Face Masks In One Lesson

Meditations and Other Metaphysical Writings (Penguin Classics)

An Autobiography or The story of my experiments with truth

Stoic Classics Collection: Marcus Aurelius’s Meditations, Epictetus’s Enchiridion, Seneca’s On a Happy Life, On the Shortness of Life & On Providence

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

Epistemology: An Introduction

Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

The Atomos Blog

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a posteriori (always with lowercase a)

Transcendent

Informal fallacy

Consistent

Existential import

Causal theory of perception

Universal introduction

Teleology

O-proposition

Ethical relativism

Claim

Functionalism

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