MANY-VALUE LOGICS
In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…
PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
The philosophy of mathematics is traditionally concerned with the ontological and epistemological foundations of mathematics. The two questions, of ontology…
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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY
The Classical Period in philosophy was dominated by the teachings of Plato (427–347 BC) and Aristotle (384–322 BC) but gradually fell into a decline following the conquest of the independent…
LOGIC
LOGIC
Logic is concerned with studying the inferences we make, and the formal languages developed to systematize those inferences. This includes both the proof-theories and semantics for these languages, as well…
THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION
THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION
The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…
EMPIRICISM
EMPIRICISM
Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…
HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?
HOW DO YOU DO PHILOSOPHY?
How do you do philosophy? Unlike many of the questions asked in the name of philosophy, this one has a straightforward answer. You do philosophy primarily through writing. Now, if…
PYTHAGOREANISM
PYTHAGOREANISM
Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…
SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)
Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed various arguments for their conclusions, including Platonic doubts about the…
PRAGMATISM
PRAGMATISM
Pragmatism was a philosophical movement in the United States concerned with the relationship between abstract theory and practical activity, and with the value of philosophical reflection.
RELEVANCE LOGICS
RELEVANCE LOGICS
A relevance logic is motivated by the idea that the premises of a valid argument must be somehow “relevant” to its conclusion. The idea is motivated by the fact that…
WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS
WHAT PHILOSOPHY PROFESSORS WANT FROM STUDENT WRITERS
Some 2,300 years ago, Aristotle introduced the syllogism into the intellectual world. A threeelement formula, it is the elementary building block of syllogistic logic and deductive reasoning. The syllogism combines…
BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS
BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS
¬ one-place logical connective read as “not” or as “is not the case” ~ alternative notation for “not” & two-place logical connective read as “and” ˄ and
PHENOMENOLOGY
PHENOMENOLOGY
As originally developed by Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), phenomenology seeks to provide a detailed description of the way in which things are presented to us—that is to say, phenomena —in an…
MODAL LOGIC
MODAL LOGIC
A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…
PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
The philosophy of mathematics is traditionally concerned with the ontological and epistemological foundations of mathematics. The two questions, of ontology and epistemology, are intimately related, as a satisfactory account of…
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
The Medieval Period is usually dated between the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476)and the beginning of the Renaissance…
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Discipline Is Destiny: The Power of Self-Control (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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Stillness Is the Key
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Right Thing, Right Now: Justice in an Unjust World (The Stoic Virtues Series)
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How to Think Like a Roman Emperor: The Stoic Philosophy of Marcus Aurelius
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Letters from a Stoic: Penguin Classics
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Books
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The Essays: A Selection (Penguin Classics)
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Autobiography of a Yogi (Self-Realization Fellowship)
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In Search Of The Miraculous (Harvest Book)
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Self-Reliance: The Wisdom of Ralph Waldo Emerson as Inspiration for Daily Living
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Commentary on Aristotle’s De Anima [Aristotelian Commentary Series]
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The Foundations of Phenomenological Psychotherapy
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The Gateway Experience: Brain Hemisphere Synchronization in Perspective, with Introduction by the Editor: The Complete Analysis and Assessment of the Gateway Process
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How to Know a Person: The Art of Seeing Others Deeply and Being Deeply Seen (Random House Large Print)
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Healing Love Through the Tao: Cultivating Female Sexual Energy
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Justice: What’s the Right Thing to Do?
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Stoicism: A Stoic Approach To Modern Life
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Visual Thinking
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Aesthetics: Volume II
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The Thousand Names Of The Divine Mother: Shri Lalita Sahasranama
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Uncovering Greek Mythology: A Beginner’s Guide into the World of Greek Gods and Goddesses (Mythology Collection)
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The Compassionate Brain: How Empathy Creates Intelligence
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The Atomos Blog
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework
Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective
Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective
The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry
The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry
Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism
Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism
Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”
The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence
The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence
Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality
Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality
Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation
Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation
The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency
The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry
Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry
The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry
The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry
Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism
Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism
The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality
The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality
The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker
The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument
Terms & Concepts
Myth of the given
Argument due to John Sellars against the traditional empiricist view that knowledge of the external world is inferred from immediately given sense data, on the grounds that any such sense…
Feminist ethics
The moral theories that explain and reject patriarchy https://youtube.com/shorts/CG_A7q87Pzs?feature=share
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