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The earliest indigenous African philosophy to produce written documents emerged during the seventeenth century, especially in Ethiopia. Zera Yacob (1599–1692), whose Hatata (1667) has been compared to René Descartes’ Discourse…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

An important historical branch designation rather than a current one, natural philosophy was the study of nature and the physical universe by philosophical (that is, largely empirical reason-based) methods.

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

BIOETHICS

A branch of ethics concerned with the moral and political issues raised by medical science, and with advances in medical technology, bioethics has now become a largely autonomous area of…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 15, 2023

EMPIRICISM

Empiricism covers a range of views prioritizing experience as the primary source of knowledge. During the Early Modern Period, this view was expounded by the so-called British Empiricists—Locke, Berkeley, and…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

RATIONALISM

Rationalism designates a variety of philosophical schools maintaining that reason, as opposed to empirical investigation, is the most important method of acquiring knowledge.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Logic

November 15, 2023

MODAL LOGIC

A common extension to the standard formal languages outlined above is to introduce the technical machinery required to evaluate natural language arguments containing modal terminology (that is, talk of possibility…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

Textbooks on critical thinking and logic.

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WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY?

November 24, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

Note: Some of these titles may be difficult to find, either in DVD format or streaming. Film Animation Animal Farm (1954)Based on George Orwell’s novel of the same name, farm…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

This list is aimed at curating those texts that will both challenge a novice researcher, and continually reward repeated encounters as you develop your philosophical interests.

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By Philosophy Student In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand…

Logic

INTUITIONISM

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Books

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Nicomachean Ethics
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Poetics (Penguin Classics)
$11.49
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The Prince (Hardcover Library Edition)
$9.99
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The Will to Power
$6.99
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The Book of Five Rings: The Strategy of the Samurai (Arcturus Silkbound Classics)
$16.99
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Modern French Philosophy: From Existentialism to Postmodernism
$48.80
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The Power of Awareness (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)
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Montaigne: Selected Essays: with La Boétie’s Discourse on Voluntary Servitude (Hackett Classics)
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Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an (Routledge Studies in the Qur’an)
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Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy
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The Complete Essays of Montaigne
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Meditations: A New Translation (Modern Library)
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An Unlikely Guru: How a Neurotic Jewish Real Estate Developer from New Jersey Found Enlightenment (And How You Can, Too)
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DON’T DIE
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Sufis of Andalucia
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Reconstruction in Philosophy
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Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

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Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

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Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”

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The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence

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Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

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The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

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Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

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The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

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The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

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Conjunction

The ordinary language name for the Boolean connective that corresponds to, for example, “and,” “both…and,” and “but.” On a truth table, the conjunction of sentences is true if, and only…

Connective

In symbolic logic, a connective (negation, conjunction, disjunction, conditional, andbiconditional) is used to make new statements out of simpler ones. https://youtube.com/shorts/HSdrQUSwJT8?feature=share

Rationalist

One who believes knowledge is achieved through reason unaided by experience. https://youtube.com/shorts/3JWEdb6rDds?feature=share

Statement

Tautological equivalence

Verisimilitude

Phenomenology

Red herring

Agnosticism

Counterfactual

Sorites Paradox

Myth of the given

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AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY

BIOETHICS

EMPIRICISM

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

PLATO

THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

EPISTEMOLOGY

RATIONALISM

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

MODAL LOGIC

CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

PHILOSOPHICAL FILMS AND TV SHOWS

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS

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Books

biographies

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The Atomos Blog

Logic

Books

Nicomachean Ethics

Poetics (Penguin Classics)

The Prince (Hardcover Library Edition)

The Will to Power

The Book of Five Rings: The Strategy of the Samurai (Arcturus Silkbound Classics)

Modern French Philosophy: From Existentialism to Postmodernism

The Power of Awareness (Tarcher Cornerstone Editions)

Montaigne: Selected Essays: with La Boétie’s Discourse on Voluntary Servitude (Hackett Classics)

Logic, Rhetoric and Legal Reasoning in the Qur’an (Routledge Studies in the Qur’an)

Native Pragmatism: Rethinking the Roots of American Philosophy

The Complete Essays of Montaigne

Meditations: A New Translation (Modern Library)

An Unlikely Guru: How a Neurotic Jewish Real Estate Developer from New Jersey Found Enlightenment (And How You Can, Too)

DON’T DIE

Sufis of Andalucia

Reconstruction in Philosophy

The Atomos Blog

Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

Reexamining Spacetime Substantivalism: A Critique of Modal Arbitrariness and Determinism in Teitel’s Framework

Rule-Following and Artificial Intelligence: A Kripkean Perspective

The Eternal Coexistence of Consciousness and Spacetime: A Philosophical Inquiry

Embracing Contradiction: An In-Depth Analysis of Dialetheism

Analysis of, and Responses to Edmund Gettier’s “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”

The Unstable Foundation: A Critique of the Ontological Proof of God’s Existence

Meta-Modal Actuality: A Dynamic Framework for Possibility, Actualization, and Causality

Killing, Morality, and the Human Condition: A Philosophical Investigation

The Intricacy of Existence: A Philosophical Exploration of Complexity, Contingency, and Divine Agency

The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument

Imagination, Consciousness, and the Nature of the Soul: A Philosophical Inquiry

The Interplay of Karma, Rebirth, and Non-Self in Buddhist Philosophy: A Metaphysical Inquiry

Metaphysical Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of Theism and Atheism

The Infinite Universe, Death, and the Search for Meaning: A Philosophical Exploration of Existence, the Divine, and Human Mortality

The Unconscious Artistry of Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Reflection on Spinoza’s God and the Blind Watchmaker

The Ethics of Procreation and the Rational Acceptance of Life: A Critical Engagement with Weinberg’s Argument

The Atomos Blog

Terms & Concepts

Conjunction

Connective

Rationalist

Statement

Tautological equivalence

Verisimilitude

Phenomenology

Red herring

Agnosticism

Counterfactual

Sorites Paradox

Myth of the given

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