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The next development of the propositional calculus is the predicate calculus. This considers the logical relationships that hold between predicate expressions, along with the quantifiers ∃x (“there is at least…

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POST-KANTIAN PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

HEGELIANISM

One common theme in post-Kantian philosophy was an attempt to overcome the remaining divisions between noumena and phenomena, and to reconcile the distinct faculties of sensibility and understanding in to…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

The personal essay is a self-reflective search for meaning. Unlike most philosophical writing, it is not argumentative. Instead, it is exploratory and speculative, often even somewhat confessional. It is typically…

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ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

LOGICAL ATOMISM

Although mostly associated with the logical analysis of language, analytic philosophy began in the philosophy of mathematics. Working independently, both Gottlob Frege and Bertrand Russell pursued programs of reducing mathematics…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

The eight skills just listed are so central to philosophical writing that we may count them among the criteria most instructors use in grading essay assignments. Keep these eight skills…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

HERMENEUTICS

Originally applied to scriptural exegesis (interpretation), hermeneutics is more generally the theory and method of all “textual” interpretation. In the modern context, this refers to both verbal and non-verbal “texts”…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

EXISTENTIALISM

A broad philosophical and literary movement that flourished during the first half of the twentieth century, Existentialism emphasized the uniqueness of human experience over the generalizations of traditional scientific or…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

There are some fairly firm distinctions between critical thinking and formal (symbolic) logic texts. Whereas critical thinking focuses broadly on argumentation, formal logic is the study of the principles of…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

While the focus of western philosophy has primarily been on the analysis and understanding of our most basic concepts, another important theme has been the preparation and education of man…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

THE SOPHISTS

The Sophists were not a single school but a professional grouping of largely itinerant teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and legal argumentation. Their importance lies not in any specific doctrines but…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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History Of Philosophy CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

November 15, 2023

PLATO

Plato (427–347 BC) was born into a powerful family in Athens but abandoned politics after the execution of his teacher, Socrates; he subsequently traveled, became influenced by the Pythagoreans, and…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Many of the topics within the philosophy of science overlap with topics in metaphysics, epistemology, and the philosophy of language insofar as they apply within our scientific practice. Metaphysical issues,…

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

ETHICS

Ethics is the study of morality and can be divided into three main areas of inquiry. Descriptive ethics concerns the actual moral beliefs held by specific individuals or societies and…

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By Philosophy Student In CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY

SKEPTICISM (PYRRHONISM)

Pyrrhonian Skepticism was founded by Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360–275 BC), who argued that knowledge is impossible. The Skeptics proposed…

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QUANTUM LOGIC

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PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS (PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC)

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On Law, Morality, and Politics (Hackett Classics)
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Pragmatism’s Evolution: Organism and Environment in American Philosophy
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De Umbris Idearum: On the Shadows of Ideas (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)
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The Politics of Language
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Being and Nothingness
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The Atomos Blog

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How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Logical validity

A conclusion that is true by virtue of the logical structure of the argument. https://youtube.com/shorts/UYmkMthxKMQ?feature=share

Semantic theory of truth

1) A formal mathematical theory that defines truth in terms of set theory and satisfaction,with truth taken to be a property of sentences; commonly associated with the work of AlfredTarski…

Idealism

The view that only mental entities are real https://youtube.com/shorts/ktW2Kvg64To?feature=share

Strong argument

Divine preordination

Neoplatonism

Forms

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Difference principle

Pre-Socratics

Thing-in-Itself

First-order contradiction

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PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

HEGELIANISM

THE PERSONAL ESSAY

LOGICAL ATOMISM

GRADING CRITERIA FOR PHILOSOPHY ESSAYS

HERMENEUTICS

EXISTENTIALISM

INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS

CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

THE SOPHISTS

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

EPISTEMOLOGY

PLATO

PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

ETHICS

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Logic

Books

Mao Zedong: The Complete Works Volume 1

On Law, Morality, and Politics (Hackett Classics)

Pragmatism’s Evolution: Organism and Environment in American Philosophy

ESV, MacArthur Study Bible, 2nd Edition, Hardcover: Unleashing God’s Truth One Verse at a Time

El librito azul (Spanish Edition)

The Amazing Dr. Ransom’s Bestiary of Adorable Fallacies

De Umbris Idearum: On the Shadows of Ideas (Collected Works of Giordano Bruno)

The Politics of Language

Start Where You Are: A Guide to Compassionate Living

An Illustrated Book of Bad Arguments: Learn the Lost Art of Making Sense

The Boy, the Mole, the Fox and the Horse: A Great Gift for Book Lovers

The Many Faces of Evil: Theological Systems and the Problems of Evil

Being and Nothingness

The I Ching, or, Book of Changes (Bollingen Series XIX) (Bollingen Series, 31)

The Art of War

The Science of Living

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

The Threshold

Can Math Prove Its Own Sanity? — A Deep Dive into Artemov’s Landmark Paper

What Does the Mind Really Mean?

The Symphony of Existence: Strings, Dimensions, and the Persistence of Identity

Does It Feel Like Anything To Be Claude?

Natural Function and Perceptual Content

Philosophy of Law: An Introduction

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

Aesthetics: An Introduction

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Ethics: An Introduction

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Metaphysics: An Introduction

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Logical validity

Semantic theory of truth

Idealism

Strong argument

Divine preordination

Neoplatonism

Forms

Altruism

Difference principle

Pre-Socratics

Thing-in-Itself

First-order contradiction

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