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Philosophical thought during the Enlightenment was characterized by a rejection of existing sources of authority. The broadly Aristotelean scientific worldview was undermined by a period of scientific revolution—conventionally beginning with…

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Traditional Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

December 12, 2023

EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology is the study of knowledge, including its nature and its extent, and of justification (that is, whether a belief is formed in a valid way to justify its being…

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 27, 2023

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

A comprehensive list of essential readings in the history of philosophy.

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

The essay of affirmation takes the position I agree. If you want to write an essay agreeing with—affirming—the ideas of another, such as a philosopher, a simple statement of agreement…

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Writing Philosophy

November 24, 2023

WHAT IS GOOD WRITING?

What is good music? What is good art? What is good writing? Such questions unleash many opinions. The branch of traditional philosophy called Aesthetics is devoted to answering such questions…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

INTUITIONISM

One of the most familiar non-classical logics is intuitionism, which, in simple terms, is based upon the rejection of the law of excluded middle: (P ∨ ¬P). There are both…

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History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

PYTHAGOREANISM

Based on the teachings of Pythagoras (c. 570–495 BC) and the school he established inCroton in southern Italy, we may conclude that, in many ways, Pythagoreanism was more ofa mystery…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

QUANTUM LOGIC

Most non-classical logics are motivated by either philosophical considerations, such as the metaphysical status of the future, or technical concerns about the neutrality of the logical connectives or the notion…

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Modern Branches of Philosophy Philosophy Branches

November 14, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

The study of natural languages is conventionally divided among questions of syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, all of which raise significant issues for the philosophy of language. In terms of syntax…

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CONTINENTAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

STRUCTURALISM

Structuralism refers to research undertaken in the social sciences, predominantly in France, between the 1950s and 1970s, which sought to understand various social phenomena as a “closed system” of elements.

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PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

November 23, 2023

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BOOKS TO GUIDE NOVICE PHILOSOPHY STUDENTS INTRODUCTORY PHILOSOPHY TEXTS GUIDES TO PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING INTRODUCTORY LOGIC TEXTS CRITICAL THINKING AND LOGIC TEXTBOOKS

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Philosophy Branches Traditional Branches of Philosophy

December 12, 2023

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

Many religions distinguish between truths accessible through reason (natural theology), and truths accessible through faith (revealed theology). Both natural and revealed theology raise interesting philosophical questions about these two sources…

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CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY History Of Philosophy

November 15, 2023

EPICUREANISM

Founded by Epicurus (341–271 BC), this eponymous philosophy is best known through the Roman poet Lucretius (mid first century BC). Like the Atomists, the Epicureans maintained that everything is made…

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FORMS OF PHILOSOPHICAL WRITING Writing Philosophy

November 20, 2023

THE ESSAY OF REFUTATION

The essay of refutation takes the position “I disagree.” Its objective is to persuade the reader that the argument of another is false, flawed, unlikely, implausible, or in some other…

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Logic

November 15, 2023

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

In the classical logics already discussed, the logical connectives are taken to be bivalent—that is, they allow of only two different truth values: true and false. One natural extension to…

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By Philosophy Student In MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY

SAINT AUGUSTINE

Like his contemporaries, Saint Augustine (354–430) was primarily influenced by Neoplatonism, and, indeed, credited Plotinus with helping him to understand…

Logic

QUANTUM LOGIC

Logic

RELEVANCE LOGICS

Logic

NON-CLASSICAL LOGIC

Logic

BASIC LOGICAL SYMBOLS

Logic

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

Logic

PREDICATE CALCULUS (PREDICATE LOGIC)

Books

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Mulla Sadra and Eschatology: Evolution of Being (Routledge Sufi Series)
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The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen
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Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life As Play and Possibility
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People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil
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Spinoza: Complete Works
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Beyond Good and Evil (Penguin Classics)
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What We Owe the Future
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A Year of Zen: A 52-Week Guided Journal (A Year of Reflections Journal)
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The Marxification of Education: Paulo Freire’s Critical Marxism and the Theft of Education
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Beauty: What It Is and Why It Matters
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Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason
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Discourses and Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)
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Tao Te Ching
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The Aristotle Collection: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric, On Sense and the Sensible, On Memory and Reminiscence, On Sleep and Sleeplessness, On Dreams, On Prophesying by Dreams, On Longevity and Shortness of Life, On Youth and Old Age, & On Life and Death
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Filosofía ante el desánimo: Pensamiento crítico para construir una personalidad sólida (Imago Mundi)
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Stoicism and the Art of Happiness: Practical Wisdom for Everyday Life (Teach Yourself)
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The Atomos Blog

Atomos

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

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Atomos

Philosophy of Physics PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

Philosophy of Science: An Introduction

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Idealism

The view that only mental entities are real https://youtube.com/shorts/ktW2Kvg64To?feature=share

Truth of reason

In traditional rationalism, a belief that can be justified solely by appeal to intuition or deduction from premises based upon intuition. Arithmetic and geometry were, for the rationalists as for…

Intension

The meaning of an expression, as opposed to its extension (the set of things to which itapplies). The intension of a declarative sentence is usually taken to be a proposition.Expressions…

Syllogism

Raven Paradox

Conscience

Liberty

Implication

Boolean connectives (Boolean operators)

Metaethics

Absurdity

Cartesian

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THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD

EPISTEMOLOGY

ESSENTIAL READING IN THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

THE ESSAY OF AFFIRMATION

WHAT IS GOOD WRITING?

INTUITIONISM

PYTHAGOREANISM

QUANTUM LOGIC

PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE

STRUCTURALISM

PHILOSOPHICAL BOOKS AND TEXT

PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION

EPICUREANISM

THE ESSAY OF REFUTATION

MANY-VALUE LOGICS

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Logic

Books

Mulla Sadra and Eschatology: Evolution of Being (Routledge Sufi Series)

The Honor Code: How Moral Revolutions Happen

Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life As Play and Possibility

People of the Lie: The Hope for Healing Human Evil

Spinoza: Complete Works

Beyond Good and Evil (Penguin Classics)

What We Owe the Future

A Year of Zen: A 52-Week Guided Journal (A Year of Reflections Journal)

The Marxification of Education: Paulo Freire’s Critical Marxism and the Theft of Education

Beauty: What It Is and Why It Matters

Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason

Discourses and Selected Writings (Penguin Classics)

Tao Te Ching

The Aristotle Collection: Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics, Poetics, Rhetoric, On Sense and the Sensible, On Memory and Reminiscence, On Sleep and Sleeplessness, On Dreams, On Prophesying by Dreams, On Longevity and Shortness of Life, On Youth and Old Age, & On Life and Death

Filosofía ante el desánimo: Pensamiento crítico para construir una personalidad sólida (Imago Mundi)

Stoicism and the Art of Happiness: Practical Wisdom for Everyday Life (Teach Yourself)

The Atomos Blog

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

How do you get from a singularity to infinity?

When the Light of a Dead Star Touches Your Eye

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Ethics: An Introduction

Logic: An Introduction

Metaphysics: An Introduction

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Idealism

Truth of reason

Intension

Syllogism

Raven Paradox

Conscience

Liberty

Implication

Boolean connectives (Boolean operators)

Metaethics

Absurdity

Cartesian

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